The Pergamon Museum - Berlin (Part I)

Pergamon Museum entrance

The Pergamon is situated on the Museum Island in Berlin. Construction of the Pergamon Museum, the youngest structure on Berlin's Museum Island took many years. From 1830-1876 three neoclassical museum buildings had been erected on the island in the Spree: The Altes Museum, The Neues Museum and the Alte Nationalgalerie. But already there was no room for the display of the large number of objects that found their way to Berlin thanks to new purchases and from excavations in the Mediterranean region and Near East that had begun in 1875.
In 1881 the Berlin Architects' Association was commissioned to design structures to house the finds from Olympia and Pergamon, as well as an extension for the enormous collection of plaster casts. The smaller and first Pergamon Museum accommodated finds from Pergamon, Magnesia on the Maeander, and Priene.
The new, bigger Pergamon Museum with three-winged complex was build between 1910 and 1930 under the supervision of Ludwig Hoffman, working from designs by Alfred Messel. Today, it houses three separate museums: The Collection of Classical Antiquities, The Museum of Ancient Near East and the Museum of Islamic Art.The monumental reconstructions of archaeological building ensembles - such as the Pergamon Altar, the Market Gate of Miletus and the Ishtar Gate including the the Processional Way of Babylon and the Mshatta Façade-made the Pergamon Museum world famous and the most visited museum in Germany. 
In this Part I, I will describe what can be seen in the Collection of Classical Antiquities.

The Collection of Classical Antiquities

Hall of Hellenistic Architecture
In the Hall of Hellenistic Architecture, architectural fragments are presented in partial reconstructions in such a way as to illustrate their function and effect. The hall combines reconstructions and original fragments from Hellenistic buildings from Miletus, Priene, Magnesia on the Maeander and Pergamon. 

Hellenistic Architecture Hall

Athena Parthenos

Entrance Gate

Opposite the doorway leading from the centre hall with the Pergamon Altar is the façade from the Temple of Zeus Sosipolis. This temple stood in the marketplace (agora) at Magnesia, surrounded by colonnaded halls, and is a typical example of Hellenistic architecture in Asia Minor from the 2nd century BC. In the corner to the right is a reconstruction of the Doric Temple of Athena, and to the left the graceful Temple of Zeus from the upper market at Pergamon. The Temple of Athena, built of andesite and tufa in the late 4th century BC, features the traditional Doric order with simple cushion capitals and a geometric entablature frieze. Also from Pergamon is the entrance gate (propylon), through which one enters the hall. Behind the palace's Hephaestion Mosaic in the centre of the hall stands a colossal Hellenistic copy of the Athena Parthenos from the Acropolis in Athens that was found in Pergamon's Athena sanctuary. To the left of the gate is a corner column with Corinthian capitals from the entrance to the courtyard of the Miletus town hall.The hall's long walls feature sections of two famous large temple columns in their full original height. One is from the Temple of Athena from Priene and the opposite pair of columns come from the Temple of Artemis in Magnesia. 

The Pergamon Altar
The Great Altar of Pergamon, excavated in the 19th century and partially reconstructed in its original size in the Pergamon Museum opened in 1930, is one of the most famous monuments on Berlin's Museum Island.

Altar of Pergamon

The ancient fortress of Pergamon lies in the north-west coastal region of Asia Minor opposite the island of Lesbos. Its acropolis, 330 metres high, commands the fertile plain of the Caicus River. At its foot lies the modern Turkish city of Bergama. Pergamon first took on political significance under the successors of Alexander the Great. Under Eumenes II and Attalus II, Pergamon became a splendid royal residence. The most important monument in this redesigned city, visible from afar, was Pergamon Altar, built on a terrace of the acropolis under Eumenes II. The altar, nearly square, stood atop a base surrounded by a frieze. Above this stood a portico whose back wall enclosed a courtyard containing the actual altar. The courtyard wall was faced on the inside with additional, smaller frieze picturing the Telephus myth. The altar's base frieze with its large number of figures in almost fully three-dimensional relief represents the Gigantomachy, the struggle between the Olympian gods and the Giants. According to ancient Greek myth, the Giants hoped to plunge the divine order into chaos, and the Olympian gods managed to prevent them only with the help of the mortal hero Heracles. The turmoil of battle is impressively evoked in overlapping, richly varied sculptures of pairs of combatants, the menace of the Giants emphasized by their serpentine legs and animal attributes. 
The central event of the Gigantomachy is found in the right half of the east frieze. Here, Zeus, the father of the gods, and his daughter Athena are seen in combat with several Giants, and the earth mother Gaia is begging for the life of her son Alcyoneus, who has been subdued by Athena. 

The Telephus Frieze

Relief Panel in Telephus Hall

After climbing the altar's tall stairs, one enters the Telephus Hall, where offerings were actually made. The fire altar, of which only a few exquisitely decorated marble cornices survive, stood a courtyard. In its place, in the middle of the floor, there is a mosaic from the small altar chamber of Palace V in Pergamon. At the bottom of it there is a frieze with garlands of fruit enlivened by birds. 
A frieze that narrates the life of Telephus circles the walls of the hall, just as originally appeared in the altar courtyard. This mythical hero was thought to be a son of Heracles, and Pergamon's founder. By celebrating this mythical precursor, the Attalids hoped to lend legitimacy to their only recently established ruling dynasty. 

Hall of Roman Architecture (Miletus Hall) 
Planned as a counterpart to the Hall of Hellenistic Architecture, the Miletus Hall contains monuments dating from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD from various regions of the Roman Empires, from Italy to Syria. It is supplemented by the smaller balustrade-fronted Trajaneum hall. The most important monuments came from the cities of Miletus and Pergamon in Asia Minor, present-day Turkey. In addition to these are partial reconstructions of temples from Baalbek (modern Lebanon) and Sia (southern Syria), portions of a round mausoleum from Falerii (Italy) and relief friezes and a statue of a seated emperor from Rome. 

Market Gate from Miletus (Miletus Hall)

The hall is dominated by the reconstructed Market Gate from Miletus. The two-storey gate was erected in the early 2nd century AD as a magnificent passage-way between two large squares, the agora and the so-called South Market at the heart of the wealthy trading city of Miletus.

The Orpheus Mosaic

Inset into the floor in the centre of the room, between the Market Gate and the Tomb of Cartinia, is a mosaic from the dining room (triclinium) of a private house in Miletus. The polychrome panels with figural decoration and a framing of meanders and guilloches are original. In the centre of the upper section the mythical singer Orpheus is seated on a rock, holding his cithara in his left hand and the plectrum used to strike its strings in his right. With his singing he has tamed all the nearby animals. In a charming contrast, the long rectangular panel benetah it pictures a mythical hunt led by four cupids. For centuries, both subjects, the hunt with cupids and Orpheus playing his cithara surrounded by tamed beasts, were highly popular in the art of antiquity.
The south wall of the Miletus Hall is dominated by the reconstructed pair of columns from the altar courtyards with monolithic shafts of Egyptian rose granite. In front of them sits the heavily restored statue of Roman emperor from Rome, to which a head of Trajan that was not part of the original sculpture was affixed in the 18th century.
In the Trajaneum hall there are additional building fragments from Baalbek, a colossal marble tripod from the Miletus bouleuterion and reliefs from Rome and Miletus. The model of the city centre of Miletus is also there.

Note: This blog is based on various sites and books as well as author's private visit to the museum.
  

Museum Karl-Marx-Haus

Karl Marx
Karl Marx is one of my favorite revolutionary philosopher. And if you are into philosophy, history, sociology or economy and happened to be visiting Germany, a visit to Museum Karl-Marx-Haus in Trier is a must. Museum Karl-Marx-Haus is a house where he was born. It is now a museum dedicated to life and work of Karl Marx as well as the history of the labor movement. Just a brief history on Karl Marx before I tell you more about the museum.

Karl Marx

Karl Marx was born in Trier on May 5, 1818, where he received classical education. He studied jurisprudence in Bonn and Berlin, where, however, his preoccupation with philosophy soon turned him away from law. His interest was in the philosophical ideas of the Young Hegelians. After his studies, he wrote for radical newspaper in Köln, the Rheinische Zeitung and began to work out his theory of dialectical materialism. In pursuing that he found himself confronted with points of view which neither jurisprudence nor philosophy had taken account of. Proceeding from the Hegelian philosophy of law, Marx came to the conclusion that it was not the state, which Hegel had described as the 'top of the edifice', but 'civil society', which Hegel had regarded with disdain, that was the sphere in which a key to the understanding of the process of the historical development of mankind should be looked for. However, the science of civil society is political economy, and this science could not be studied in Germany, it could only be studied thoroughly in England or France.

After moving to Paris in 1843, he devoted himself primarily on studying political economy and the history of the Great French Revolution. He met Friedrich Engels in Paris, and the two men worked together on series of books. Exiled to Brussels, pursuing the same studies there, until the outbreak of February revolution. In Brussels, Marx was introduced to socialism by Moses Hess and finally broke off from the philosophy of Young Hegelians completely. While there, he wrote The German Ideology. 

At the beginning of 1846, Marx founded a Communist Correspondence Committee in attempt to link socialists from around Europe. Inspired by his ideas, socialists in England held a conference and formed the Communist League, and in 1847 at  a Central Committee meeting in London, the organization asked Marx and Engels to write Manifesto of the Communist Party. The Communist Manifesto, was published in 1848, and shortly after, in 1849, Marx was expelled from Belgium. He went to back to Köln with his friends and founded there Neue Rheinische Zeitung, the same year he was expelled from Prussia, and therefore had to move to Paris, from where he was once again expelled and from where he moved to London. In London, Marx helped found the German Workers' Educational Society, as well as a new headquarters for the Communist League. He continued to work as journalist as well as focusing himself on capitalism and economic theory, and in 1867, he published the first volume of Das Kapital. The rest of his life was spent writing and revising manuscripts for additional volumes, which he did not complete. He died in London on March 14, 1883.

Museum Karl-Marx-Haus in Trier

Karl-Marx-Haus

Marx's birthplace, No. 10 in what today is the Brückenstraße, was rebuilt and extended under a series of different owners. It was not recognized for a long time as the birthplace of Karl Marx. In 1904, it was 'rediscovered' by an announcement in the 'Trierische Zeitung' on 5 April 1818 in which Heinrich Marx announce his move to what was then Brückergasse No. 664.

Attempts of the SPD (Social Democratic Party) to acquire the house dragged out over many years. On 26 April 1928, the Social Democratic newspaper 'Volkswacht' proudly announced that the SPD had purchased the property. The seizure of power by the Nazis prevented the museum from opening. Immediately after the German capitulation, Social Democrats in Trier attempted to repossess it. With help from an international solidarity committee it was returned to the SPD, who opened it as a monument to Karl Marx in 1947. In 1968, the SPD entrusted the house to the care of the Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation.

Karl Marx quote

If you enter the exhibition room 02 you will witness the eventful history of the house from the subject of bitter dispute as a political symbol up to modern day museum. Room 03 shows an object hanging in the center onto which well known quotes from Marx and also critical utterances about him. In Room 11 you will find information about his roots, youth and education as well as his early bonding with Jenny von Westphalen.

Communist Manifesto

Room 12 shows the young journalist and political philosopher and the beginning of a lifelong friendship with Friedrich Engels. In Room 13 you can witness the great importance of the 1848 revolution which was followed by a life in exile for Karl Marx. In this room you can see an electronic book of the Communist Manifest in various languages.

Room 14 gives an impression of Marx life with his family in London and of his daughters and their private situation. In Room 15, you will find further information about the great universal scholar, journalist and author of his comprehensive major work, Das Kapital.  The first volume did not appeared until 1867. Volumes 2 and 3 were not published until after his death.

Room 16 shows you the relationship of Karl Marx and the labour movement. An object clearly shows the climax of his second and last active political phase within the International Workingmen's Association (Internationale Arbeiter-Assoziation/IAA). Room 17 gives you an impression of the decade after Marx' death and points out the importance of Friedrich Engels for early Marxism.

Here in this floor, there is an open hallway, where you can see several names of intellectuals which were influenced for their entire lives or maybe periodically by Marx and his ideas.

Intellectuals influenced by Marx 

In Room 21, you will see the impact of Marx's ideas. Central themes are splitting of the labour movement during the First World War and in the wake of the Russian Revolution as well as the contrast between communists and social democrats. Room 22, describes the splitting of Europe after the Second World War with its symbolic Berlin Wall all the way through to the overcoming of this division in 1989.

Room 23 is the last room which is focused on the world-wide utilization of the ideas of Karl Marx with the help of a world map which is lowered into the floor. With the breakdown of the state socialism in Middle and East Europe and the transformation of the Asiatic communism in partly capitalistic development dictatorship, the influence of Karl Marx does not end.

If you are interested in buying his books or souvenirs, there is a small shop inside the museum, besides the entrance. There are wide range of souvenirs to choose from, like shirts, canvas books bags, books, statues of Karl Marx and even Karl Marx Wine.  

Note: This blog is research based on various sites and private visit to the Museum

Van Gogh - The Master and His Museum

Self Portrait of Vincent van Gogh

Vincent Willem van Gogh
Born on March 30, 1853, in Zundert, a village in Brabant, in the south of the Netherlands. In 1880, Vincent van Gogh decides to become an artist, moves to Brussels and considers enrolling at the art academy, but instead tries to study independently, sometimes in the company of Dutch artist Anthon van Rappard. In late 1881, van Gogh spends several weeks in The Hague, taking painting lessons from his cousin by marriage, Anton Mauve, a leading member of the Hague School. Mauve introduces him to watercolor and oil technique. Van Gogh makes his first independent watercolor and painted studies in the summer 1882. In the same year, he receives his first commission. His uncle Cornelis van Gogh asks him to produce 12 pen and ink drawings of The Hague. In 1885, he completes his first masterpiece - The Potato Eaters.

Van Gogh was a largely self-taught artist who went on to change the face of Post-impressionism forever. A troubled yet highly-skilled painter, van Goghs work was an outlet for his emotion, particularly battling depression. Upon moving to Paris, van Gogh was hugely inspired by the works of the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists and he adopted their bright palette and developed a unique style which continues to be emulated by artists to this day.

Working at an often furious pace, van Gogh produced more than 2.000 works of art, including 900 paintings and 1.100 drawings and sketches in his 10-year career. However, he sold only one painting during his lifetime and did not become successful until after his death.


The Museum in Amsterdam

Van Gogh Museum - Amsterdam

Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam contains the largest collection of paintings by Vincent van Gogh in the world. Every year the museum attracts approximately 1,5 million visitors from all over the world. The Museum's permanent collection includes more than 200 paintings by Van Gogh and many drawings and letters. If you visit the museum, you will see various works in periods of : Early Works until 1886; Paris (1886-1888); Arles (1888-1889); Saint-Rémy (1889-1890); Auvers (1890). You will also see works by other artists, Van Gogh's friends and contemporaries, those who inspired him and those who drew inspiration from him, such artists as Claude Monet, Paul Gauguin, and many others including Japanese drawings and pictures that inspired Van Gogh. 

The Museum is easy to find in Amsterdam. In the same neighborhood you will also find Rijksmuseum, the largest museum of art and history in the Netherlands and Stedelijk Museum, dedicated to modern and contemporary art and design. Although until 25 April 2013 Van Gogh Museum collection are located in Hermitage Amsterdam due to renovations in Van Gogh Museum. Hermitage Amsterdam is located at Amstel  51.

My Favorite Van Gogh's Works
Some of my favorites that are located in this Museum :

Boulevard de Clichy, 1887

Boulevard de Clichy is a street in Montmarte, the artists' neighborhood where Vincent stayed with his brother Theo from March 1886. 

The Boulevard played an important role in Van Gogh's life. The Café du Tambourin and the Moulin Rouge were located here, as was the studio of Fernand Cormon, where he studied for a time.Several of his friends also lived here as well: John Russell, Georges Seurat and Paul Signac. The Boulevard de Clichy is more Impressionist in style. This painting is in the collection of Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.

Fishing boats on the Beach at Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, 1988

At the Beginning of June 1988, Vincent visited the fishing village of Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, where, in a matter of days, he produced two seascape, a view of village and nine drawings.This painting is in the collection of Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.

Landscape at Twilight, 1890

One of my ultimate favorite. 'A Crepuscular Effect: two pear trees, wholly black, against a yellow sky, with grain-fields; and, in the purple background, the castle, enfolded by dark foliage'. This was how Van Gogh described the evocative landscape he painted shortly after sunset in the surroundings of the château at Auvers. This painting is in the collection of Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.

Pollard Birches, 1884

Trees were important source of inspirations for van Gogh. Gnarled willows, oaks and beeches are the main motif in some twenty of his drawings and paintings. In a letter to Theo from 1882, van Gogh revealed that he saw 'something like a soul' in trees. He must have been similarly inspired when he depicted these expressive, rather tragic-looking pollard birches. This work is one of a group of six pen drawings of landscapes that van Gogh produced in Nuenen during the first half of March 1884. This drawing is in the collection of Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.

The Yellow House ('The Street'), 1888

In May 1888, van Gogh rented four rooms on the right-hand side of a house on the Place Lamartine in Arles. His living quarters were the ones with the green shutters. His bedroom lay beyond. Van Gogh had finally found a place where he could not only paint but also welcome his friends.His goal was to establish a "Studio of the South", where he and like-minded artists could work together.This painting is in the collection of Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.

The Vicarage at Nuenen, 1885

Around 5 December 1883, Vincent left Drenthe, where he had been working for the last three months, for Nuenen - a village in the province of Brabant where his father was a pastor since 1882. He stayed with his family in the vicarage from December 1883 until May 1885. This painting is in the collection of Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.

Worn Out, 1882

'What a fine sight an old working man makes, in his patched bombazine suit with his bald head' van Gogh wrote to his brother on 24 November 1882, with reference to this drawing. The old workman was Adrianus Zuyderland, resident of the Dutch Protestant Almshouse for Old Men and Women. In return for a small payment, various residents of the almshouse regularly spent a morning or afternoon posing for van Gogh.This drawing is in the collection of Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.















Some of my favorites that are located elsewhere around the world:

The Round of Prisoners,1890

The Round of Prisoners was painted after an engraving by Gustave Doré. It is suggested that the face of the prisoner in the center of the painting and looking toward the viewer is van Gogh himself, although the noted van Gogh scholar Jan Hulsker discount this. This painting is in the collection of Pushkin Museum of Fine Art, Moscow.

Starry Night over the Rhone, 1888

Starry Night over the Rhone is one of Van Gogh's paintings of Arles at night. It was painted at a spot on the bank of the Rhone river that was only a minute or two's walk from the Yellow House on the Place Lamartine which Van Gogh was renting at the time. The night sky and the effects of  light at night provided the subject for some of his more famous paintings, including Cafe Terrace at Night and The Starry Night. This painting is in the collection of Musée d'Orsay, Paris.

Road with Cypress and Star, 1890

Road with Cypress and Star, was painted in May 1890. In earlier letter to his brother Theo, van Gogh wrote that cypresses were always 'always occupying (his) thoughts' and that he found them 'beautiful of line' and proportioned like Egyptian obelisk. He had also intended on painting a nighttime view of the trees since his stay in Arles in 1888.This painting is in the collection of Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo.

The Starry Night, 1889

The Starry Night, my other great favorite, depicts the view outside van Gogh's sanatorium room window at Saint-Rémy. Starry Night is one of the most well known images in modern culture as well as being one of the most replicated and sought after prints. Van Gogh wrote to his brother Theo ' This morning I saw the country  from my window a long time before sunrise, with nothing but the morning star, which looked very big'. Rooted in imagination and memory, The Starry Night embodies as inner, subjective expression of van Goghs response to nature. This painting is in the collection of Museum of Modern Art, New York.





Note: This blog is based on research on various articles, books and sites as well as private visit to Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam

Brothers Grimm and the Old Masters in Kassel

Brothers Grimm

When they came closer, they saw that the house was made of bread, and the roof was made of cake and the windows of sparkling sugar (Hansel and Gretel) Brothers Grimm.

Often, when we read stories like Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, The Frog Prince, Little Red Riding Hood, Hansel and Gretel, Rapunzel, and Snow White, we don't realize that these European folk tales were popularized by Brothers Grimm, namely Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, two Germans among the most well-known story-tellers in Europe.

For those who enjoy culture and reading, "The Grimm's Fairy Tales" were compiled, edited and translated into 160 languages in Kassel, a town located on the Fulda River in northern Hesse, Germany, that is easily reached by train or car from Frankfurt am Main. And in this town there is a Brothers Grimm Museum, dedicated for the brothers.It is surely the town's flagrantly open secret. This also means that culture fans have something magical to discover on the fairy tales route. 

The Grimm Brothers had been collecting fairy tales from the people of Hesse since the early 1800's.  It was in Kassel that a law professor, Friedrich Karl von Savigny, impressed by Jacob's appetite for learning, opened his private library to the older Grimm brother. The experience awoke in Jacob a passion for deciphering and saving ancient German literature and folktales, a cause which his younger brother would also embrace.

Children's and Household Tales

Children's and Household Tales, their great collaboration, began in an almost offhand fashion. Immersed in editing and translating medieval manuscripts, the brothers started to gather fairy tales as a favor for a friend planning a collection of German folk literature. After several years, the brothers had collected 49 tales, taking a few from old books, the rest from acquaintances in Kassel. But when the friend failed to produce the collection, the brothers decided to expand their efforts and publish their own volume.

Altogether some 40 persons delivered tales to the Grimms. Many of the storytellers came to The Grimms' house in Kassel. The brothers particularly welcomed the visits of Dorothea Viehmann, a widow who walked to town to sell produce from her garden. An innkeeper's daughter, Viehmann had grown up listening to stories from travelers on the road to Frankfurt. Among her treasures was "Aschenputtel"-Cinderella. The other important storyteller was Marie Hassenpflug, a 20-years-old friend of their sister, from a well-bred, French-speaking family. Marie was credited with narrating many of the most famous tales: Little Red Riding Hood, Snow White and Sleeping Beauty.

Like the Grimms, Marie grew up in Hanau, which at the time was a very French town. Her nursemaids naturally told French stories. The Grimms may at first have thought Marie's tales all came from Hesse, but the famous ones we now know came from France and the book by Charles Perrault. Marie's wonderful stories blended motifs from the oral tradition and from Perrault's influential 1697 book, Tales of My Mother Goose, which contained elaborate versions of Little Red Riding Hood, Snow White and Sleeping Beauty among others. Many of these had been adopted from earlier Italian fairy tales. In the second edition of their own collection, the brothers acknowledged the deep international roots of many of their tales. Included in their notes are references to variants from many other cultures, including Russian, Finnish, Japanese, Irish and Slavic. Between 1812 and 1857 their first collection was revised and published many times, and grew from 86 stories to 200. In addtion to writing and modifying folk tales, the brothers wrote collections of well-respected German and Scandinavian mythologies and in 1808 began writing a definitive German dictionary, that remained incomplete in their lifetime.

Brother Grimm Museum - Kassel

The life and times of the Brothers Grimm are vividly portrayed in Brothers Grimm Museum in Kassel through various permanent exhibitions as well as exhibitions commemorating special events and occasions. The exhibition rooms are located in the baroque-style Palais Bellevue which was originally designed as an observatory for Hesse's Landgrave Karl in 1714 by the French architect Paul du Ry.

In 2012, Kassel commemorated the 200 years of Children's and Household Tales. The main focus of the celebrations starts in 2013 with the title "Grimm 2013". There will be several activities in the name and in honor of the Brothers Grimm, such as Literary Spring, Forest of Shadows-night walk through forest with lanterns, performances and puppet theater as well as fairy tales festivals. The highlight of the celebration will be "Expedition Grimm" a large exhibition in documenta-Halle, Kassel, starting from 27 April until 08 September 2013.



Old Masters

Waterfall and Hercules statue

Visiting Kassel will be incomplete without visiting the Gallery of Old Masters, in Wilhemshöhe Castle. Landgrave Wilhelm IX of Hesse-Kassel had built the Castle, at the end of the 18th Century. The Castle itself was built at the foot of Hercules statue, and waterfall display, crowned by a fantastic 71 meter high monument: the Oktogon, built by Landgrave Karl in 17th century.
The Gallery of Old Masters contains the largest collection of Dutch paintings outside the Netherlands, as well as paintings from Germany, Italy, French and Spain from the 16th and 17th centuries. An outstanding connoisseurship and feeling for quality that informed Landgrave Wilhelm VIII as a collector, as well as the taste of his own time and his personal connections and resources, have left their indelible stamp on the gallery. Building on the collection left by his princely predecessors, it was he who created the Kassel Picture Gallery. In the 17th century, he became a knowledgeable connoisseur of Dutch culture, learning to speak the language fluently, and developed a strong interest in Dutch paintings. From the leading painters of The Hague he acquired delicately-painted decorative flower-pieces, allegorical works and history paintings, and he maintained relationship with countless painters and collectors in the Netherlands. He also bought seventeenth century French and Italian paintings.

Wilhemshöhe Castle

Under Wilhelm's successor, his son Landgrave Friedrich II, the Landgrave's formerly entirely private painting collection was opened to a select but general public, as part of a programme of educational reform inspired by the spirit of early Enlightenment. With the opening of the Picture Gallery for the diversion and education of the public, the Landgrave's art collection became enormously popular and drew many visitors to the city, some from great distance. During the French occupation, the gallery suffered great losses when many paintings were stolen and lost. In 1974, Wilhemshöhe Castle rebuilt as a museum has served as a home to the antique collection and to the Old Masters Gallery.

Old Masters Gallery

In the Old Masters Gallery, you will find Early German Paintings, such as from Martin Schaffner (Painted tabletop for Erasmus Stedelin), Albrecht Dürer (Portrait of Elsbeth Tucher), Michael Wolgemuth (Ursula Tucher).  Italian Paintings, such as from Jacopo Negretti (Venus and Cupid at Vulcan's Forge), Tiziano Vecellio (Portrait of Military Commander), Mattia Preti (The Feast of Herod), French Paintings, such as from Nicolas de Largilliėre (Portrait of a Man in Purple Robe), Nicolas Puossin (Bacchic Scene), Simon Vouet (Sophonisba Receiving the Poisoned Chalice), Spanish Paintings, such as from Jusepe de Ribera (Mater Dolorosa), Bartolomė Esteban Murillo (Joseph and Potiphar's Wife).

Saskia van Uylenburgh - Rembrandt

Early Netherlandish Paintings, such as from Maerten van Heemskerck (Pieter Jan Foppeszoon and Family), Frans Floris (The Judgement of Paris), Anthonis Mor (William I of Orange-Nassau), Dutch Paintings, such as from Jan Miense Molenaer (Schoolroom with Family Entering), Adriaen van Ostade (Merry Peasants), Adriaen van de Velde (The Beach at Scheveningen) Jan Weenix (An Italian Seaport), Gerard ter Borch (The Lute Player) and the famous Dutch painter Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (A Man Sharpening a Quill; Portrait of Andries de Graeff; Saskia van Uylenburgh and Jacob blessing the Sons of Joseph). You can also find Flemish Paintings, such as from Peter Paul Rubens (Venus, Cupid, Bacchus and Ceres), Jacob Jordaens (The Satyr and the Peasant), Anthony van Dyck (Double Portrait of Frans Snyder and His Wife, Margaretha de Vos).



Note : This Blog is based on research of articles and books as well as private visits to Kassel.